Kafli 3 - Æfingar í lok kafla

Æfingar í lok kafla

Fjölvalsspurningar

3.1 Myndun Lífrænna Stórsameinda

Dehydration synthesis leads to formation of

During the breakdown of polymers, which of the following reactions takes place?

The following chemical reactants produce the ester ethyl ethanoate (C₄H₈O₂):

C₂H₆O + CH₃COOH

What type of reaction occurs to make ethyl ethanoate?

3.2 Kolvetni

An example of a monosaccharide is ________.

Cellulose and starch are examples of:

Plant cell walls contain which of the following in abundance?

Lactose is a disaccharide formed by the formation of a ________ bond between glucose and ________.

Which of the following is not an extracellular matrix role of carbohydrates?

3.3 Lípíð

Saturated fats have all of the following characteristics except:

Phospholipids are important components of ________.

Cholesterol is an integral part of plasma membranes. Based on its structure, where is it found in the membrane?

3.4 Prótein

The monomers that make up proteins are called ________.

The α-helix and the β-pleated sheet are part of which protein structure?

Mad cow disease is an infectious disease where one misfolded protein causes all other copies of the protein to begin misfolding. This is an example of a disease impacting ____ structure.

3.5 Kjarnsýrur

A nucleotide of DNA may contain ________.

The building blocks of nucleic acids are ________.

How does the double helix structure of DNA support its role in encoding the genome?

Gagnrýnin hugsun

3.1 Myndun Lífrænna Stórsameinda

Why are biological macromolecules considered organic?

What role do electrons play in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?

Amino acids have the generic structure seen below, where R represents different carbon-based side chains.

The generic structure of amino acids is shown. A nitrogen atom is single bonded to two hydrogen atoms and one carbon atoms. The carbon atom is single bonded to one hydrogen atom, one R atom, and one carbon atom. R represents different carbon-based side chains. The carbon atom is double bonded to one oxygen atom and single bonded to a hydroxide atom.

Describe how the structure of amino acids allows them to be linked into long peptide chains to form proteins.

3.2 Kolvetni

Describe the similarities and differences between glycogen and starch.

Why is it impossible for humans to digest food that contains cellulose?

Draw the ketose and aldose forms of a monosaccharide with the chemical formula C₃H₆O₃. How is the structure of the monosaccharide changed from one form to the other in the human body?

3.3 Lípíð

Explain at least three functions that lipids serve in plants and/or animals.

Why have trans fats been banned from some restaurants? How are they created?

Why are fatty acids better than glycogen for storing large amounts of chemical energy?

Part of cortisol’s role in the body involves passing through the plasma membrane to initiate signaling inside a cell. Describe how the structures of cortisol and the plasma membrane allow this to occur.

3.4 Prótein

Explain what happens if even one amino acid is substituted for another in a polypeptide chain. Provide a specific example.

Describe the differences in the four protein structures.

Aquaporins are proteins embedded in the plasma membrane that allow water molecules to move between the extracellular matrix and the intracellular space. Based on its function and location, describe the key features of the protein’s shape and the chemical characteristics of its amino acids.

3.5 Kjarnsýrur

What are the structural differences between RNA and DNA?

What are the four types of RNA and how do they function?

Sjónrænar æfingar

3.2 Kolvetni

Mynd 3.5 What kind of sugars are these, aldose or ketose?

3.4 Prótein

Mynd 3.23 Which categories of amino acid would you expect to find on the surface of a soluble protein, and which would you expect to find in the interior? What distribution of amino acids would you expect to find in a protein embedded in a lipid bilayer?

3.5 Kjarnsýrur

Mynd 3.33 A mutation occurs, and cytosine is replaced with adenine. What impact do you think this will have on the DNA structure?