Kafli 20 - Svör við æfingum

Svör við æfingum

20.1 Kolvetni

Það eru nokkur svör; eitt er:
(a) C₅H₁₂

(b) C₅H₁₀

(c) C₅H₈

A chain of five C atoms with single bonds is shown. Each C atom has an H atom bonded above and below it. The C atoms on the end of the chain have a third H atom bonded to them each.

A chain of five C atoms is shown. The first C atom (from left to right) forms a single bond with the second C atom. The second C atom forms a single bond with the third C atom. The third C atom forms a double bond with the fourth C atom. The fourth C atom forms a single bond to the fifth C atom. The first C atom (from left to right) as three H atoms bonded to it. The second C atom has two H atoms bonded to it. The third C atom has one H atom bonded to it. The fourth C atom has one H atom bonded to it. The fifth C atom as three H atoms bonded to it.

A chain of five carbon atoms is shown. The first C atom (from left to right) forms a single bond with the second C atom. The second C atom forms a single bond with the third C atom. The third C atom forms a triple bond with the fourth C atom. The fourth C atom forms a single bond to the fifth C atom. The first C atom has three H atoms bonded to it. The second C atom has two H atoms bonded to it. The fifth C atom has three H atoms bonded to it.

Bæði efnahvörfin leiða til þess að bróm fellur inn í byggingu afurðarinnar. Munurinn liggur í því hvernig þessi innlimun á sér stað. Í mettaða kolvetninu rofnar fyrirliggjandi C–H efnatengi og þá getur myndast efnatengi milli C og Br. Í ómettaða kolvetninu er eina efnatengið sem rofnar í kolvetninu π-tengið, en rafeindir þess má nota til að mynda efnatengi við aðra brómfrumeindina í Br₂ (rafeindirnar úr Br–Br efnatenginu mynda hitt C–Br efnatengið á hinu kolefninu sem var hluti af π-tenginu í upphaflega ómettaða kolvetninu).

Ógreintir alkanar hafa frjálsan snúning um C–C efnatengin, sem gerir allar afstöður hliðarhópa um þessi efnatengi jafngildar og útskiptanlegar með snúningi. Í ógreintum alkenum veldur vanhæfnin til að snúast um ${\text{C}=\text{C}}$ efnatengið föstum (óbreytanlegum) afstöðum hliðarhópa, sem leyfir mismunandi hverfur. Þar sem þessi hugtök varða fyrirbæri á sameindastigi, snertir þessi útskýring smásæja sviðið.

Þetta er sama efnasambandið því hvort tveggja er mettað kolvetni sem inniheldur ókvíslaða keðju með sex kolefnisfrumeindum.

(a) C₆H₁₄

(b) C₆H₁₄

(c) C₆H₁₂

(d) C₆H₁₂

(e) C₆H₁₀

(f) C₆H₁₀

This figure shows a horizontal hydrocarbon chain consisting of six singly bonded carbon atoms. Each C atom has an H atom bonded above and below it. The two C atoms on either end of the chain each of a third H atom bonded to it.

This figure shows five C atoms bonded together with a sixth C atom bonded below the chain. The first C atom (from left to right) has three H atoms bonded to it and is also bonded to another C atom. The second C atom has two H atoms bonded above and below it and is also bonded to another C atom. The third C atom has an H atom bonded above it and a C atom bonded below it. The C atom bonded below the third C atom in the chain has three H atoms bonded to it. The third C atom is also bonded to another C atom. The fourth C atom in the chain has two H atoms bonded above and below it and is bonded to another C atom. The fifth C atom has three H atoms bonded to it.

This figure shows a C atom with three H atoms bonded to it. This C atom is bonded to another C atom with two H atoms bonded above and below it. The second C atom is also bonded to another C atom down and to the right. This C atom is bonded to one H atom and has a double bond to a fourth C atom. The fourth C atom is also bonded to one H atom. The fourth C atom has a bond up and to the right to another C atom. This C atom has two H atoms bonded above and below it. This C atom also bonds to another C atom which is bonded to three H atoms.

This figure shows a hydrocarbon chain with a length of five C atoms. The first C atom (from left to right) is bonded to two H atoms and also forms a double bond with the second C atom. The second C atom is bonded to one H atom above it and is also bonded to a third C atom. The third C atom is bonded to two H atoms and also bonded to a fourth C atom. The fourth C atom is bonded to one H atom above it and a C atom below it. The C atom bonded to the fourth C atom in the chain has three H atoms bonded to it. The fourth C atom is also bonded to a fifth C atom which is bonded to three H atoms.

This figure shows a hydrocarbon chain with a length of six C atoms. The first C atom has three H atoms bonded to it, and it is also bonded to a second C atom. The second C atom has an H atom bonded above and below it. It is also bonded to a third C atom. The third C atom forms a triple bond to a fourth C atom. The fourth C atom forms a single bond with a fifth C atom which has two H atoms bonded above and below it. The sixth C atom has three H atoms bonded to it.

This figure shows a hydrocarbon chain with a length of five C atoms. The first C atom (from left to right) has three H atoms bonded to it. It is also bonded to a second C atom. The second C atom forms a triple bond to a third C atom. The third C atom forms a single bond with a fourth C atom. The fourth C atom has an H atom bonded above it and a C atom bonded below it. The C atom bonded below the fourth C atom has three H atoms bonded to it. The fourth C atom is bonded to a fifth C atom. The fifth C atom has three H atoms bonded to it.

(a) 2,2-díbrómbútan; (b) 2-klór-2-metýlprópan; (c) 2-metýlbútan; (d) 1-bútýn; (e) 4-flúor-4-metýl-1-oktýn; (f) trans-1-klórprópen; (g) 4-metýl-1-penten

Two structures are shown. The first includes a chain of four singly bonded C atoms. Each C atom has two H atoms bonded above and below it. The two C atoms at either end of the chain each have a third H atom bonded to it. The molecule is named n dash butane. The second includes a chain of three singly bonded C atoms with a C atom bonded above the middle C atom in the chain. The first C atom (from left to right) has three H atoms bonded to it. The second C atom has one H atom bonded below it and a C atom bonded above it. The C atom bonded above the middle C atom has three H atoms bonded to it. The third C atom in the chain has three H atoms bonded to it. This molecule is named 2 dash methylpropane.

This figure includes two structural formulas. The first structure shows two double bounded C atoms with C l bonded to the upper right, C H subscript 3 bonded to the upper left, and H atoms attached to the lower right and lower left in the structure. This structure is labeled cis dash. The second structure shows two double bounded carbon atoms with C l attached to the lower right, C H subscript 3 attached to the upper left, and H atoms attached to the upper right and lower left in the structure. This structure is labeled trans dash.

(a) 2,2,4-trímetýlpentan; (b) 2,2,3-trímetýlpentan, 2,3,4-trímetýlpentan og 2,3,3-trímetýlpentan:

Three hydrocarbon molecular structures are shown. The first has C H subscript 3 bonded up and to the right to a C atom. The C atom is bonded down and to the right to C H. C H is bonded up and to the right to C H subscript 2. C H subscript 2 is bonded down and to the right to C H subscript 3. The lone C atom is bonded to two C H subscript 3 groups. The C in the C H group is bonded to a C H subscript 3 group. The second structure shows C H subscript 3 bonded up and to the right to C H which is bonded down and to the right to C H. C H is bonded up and to the right to another C H which is bonded down and to the right to C H subscript 3. The initial C atom is bonded to a C H subscript 3 group. The second C atom is bonded to a C H subscript 3 group. The third C atom is bonded to a C H subscript 3 group. The third structure shows C H subscript 3 bonded up and to the right to C H which is bonded down and to the right to C. C is bonded up and to the right to C H subscript 2 which is bonded down and to the right to C H subscript 3. The second C atom is bonded to a C H subscript 3 group. The third C atom is bonded to two C H subscript 3 groups.

Four structural formulas are provided. The first has a hydrocarbon chain with a length of four C atom. All bonds are single. Nine H atoms are attached and a single C l atom is attached at the far right end of the structure which is labeled 1 dash chlorobutane. The second has a hydrocarbon chain with a length four C atoms. All bonds are single. Nine H atoms are attached and a single C l atom is attached above the second carbon counting left to right. This structure is labeled 2 dash chlorobutane. The third has a hydrocarbon chain with a length of three C atoms. All bonds are single. A single C l atom is bonded beneath the middle C atom and a C H subscript 3 group is also bonded above the middle C atom. Six H atoms are attached, and the structure is labeled 2 dash chloro dash 2 dash methylpropane. The fourth structure has a hydrocarbon chain with a length of three C atoms. All bonds are single. A single C l atom is bonded beneath the first C atom (from left to right) and a C H subscript 3 group is bonded above the middle C atom. Six H atoms are attached, and the structure is labeled 1 dash chloro dash 2 dash methylpropane.

Í eftirfarandi er kolefnisgrindin og viðeigandi fjöldi vetnisfrumeinda sýndur á þéttu formi:

Eight structures are shown. The first includes C H subscript 3 bonded to C H subscript 2 bonded to C H subscript 2 bonded to C H subscript 2 bonded to C H subscript 2 with a bond. The second shows C H subscript 3 bonded to C H subscript 2 bonded to C H subscript 2 bonded to C H bonded to C H subscript 3. There is a bond above the fourth C atom (from left to right). The third shows C H subscript 3 bonded to C H subscript 2 bonded to C H bonded to C H subscript 2 bonded to C H subscript 3. There is a bond above the third C atom (from left to right). The five remaining examples involve branching. The fourth structure shows C H subscript 3 bonded to C bonded to C. The second C atom (from left to right) has a bond above it and a bond to an H atom below it. The third C is bonded to two C H subscript 3 groups as well as an H atom. The fifth shows a bond leading to a C H subscript 2 group which is bonded to a C atom. This C atom is bonded to three C H subscript 3 groups. The sixth shows a bond and then C H subscript 2 bonded to C H subscript 2 bonded to C H. The C H is bonded to two C H subscript 3 groups. The seventh shows C H subscript 3 bonded to C H subscript 2 bonded to C with a bond. The C is also bonded to two C H subscript 3 groups. The final structure shows C H subscript 3 bonded to C H subscript 2 bonded to C H. The C H is bonded to a C H subscript 2 group with a bond and a C H subscript 3 group.

Two structural formulas are shown. The first shows two C atoms with a triple bond between them. At each end of the structure, a single H atom is bonded. The second structure involves a hydrocarbon ring of 6 C atoms with a circle at the center. There are alternating double bonds between C atoms. Each C atom is bonded to a single H atom.

Í asetýleni notar tengingin sp-blendingssvigrúm á kolefnisfrumeindum og s-svigrúm á vetnisfrumeindum. Í benseni eru kolefnisfrumeindirnar sp²-blendingar.

(a) ${\text{CH}≡{{\text{CCH}}}_{2}{{\text{CH}}}_{3}+2{\text{I}}_{2}\, \longrightarrow \, {{\text{CHI}}}_{2}{{\text{CI}}}_{2}{{\text{CH}}}_{2}{{\text{CH}}}_{3}}$

(b) ${{{\text{CH}}}_{3}{{\text{CH}}}_{2}{{\text{CH}}}_{2}{{\text{CH}}}_{2}{{\text{CH}}}_{3}+8{\text{O}}_{2}\, \longrightarrow \, 5{{\text{CO}}}_{2}+{{\text{6H}}}_{2}\text{O}}$

A reaction is shown. On the left, a four carbon hydrocarbon chain is shown with a triple bond between C atoms 1 and 2 moving left to right across the molecule. The first C is bonded to one H atom. The second C atom bonds with the third C atom. The third C atom is bonded to two H atoms and a fourth C atom. The fourth C atom is bonded to three H atoms. A plus sign is shown followed by 2 I dash I, which is followed by a reaction arrow, then a four C atom hydrocarbon chain with I atoms bonded above and below C atoms 1 and 2 from left to right. The first C atom is bonded to one H. The third C atom is bonded to two H atoms. The fourth C atom is bonded to three H atoms.

A reaction is shown. On the left, a five C atom hydrocarbon chain is shown with all single bonds between C atoms. Each C atom is bonded to an H atom above and below it. The two C atoms at either end of the chain each have a third H atom bonded to them. A plus sign is shown followed by 8 O double bond O. To the right of the reaction arrow appears 5 followed by O double bond C double bond O plus 6 O bonded to two H atoms.

74,5 g

9,328 $\times$ 10² kg

20.2 Alkóhól og etrar

(a) etýlalkóhól, etanól: CH₃CH₂OH; (b) metýlalkóhól, metanól: CH₃OH; (c) etýlenglýkól, etandíól: HOCH₂CH₂OH; (d) ísóprópýlalkóhól, 2-própanól: CH₃CH(OH)CH₃; (e) glýserín, 1,2,3-tríhýdroxýprópan: HOCH₂CH(OH)CH₂OH

(a) 1-etoxýbútan, bútýletýleter; (b) 1-etoxýprópan, etýlprópýleter; (c) 1-metoxýprópan, metýlprópýleter

HOCH₂CH₂OH, tveir alkóhólhópar; CH₃OCH₂OH, eter- og alkóhólhópar

(a)

(b) 4,593 $\times$ 10² L

A reaction is shown. The first molecule is a C atom bonded to another C atom. The first C atom (from left to right) is bonded to two C H subscript 3 groups. The second C atom is bonded to two H atoms. There is a plus sign. The next molecule shows an H atom bonded to an O atom bonded to a C H subscript 3 group. There is an arrow pointing right. This molecule shows a C atom bonded to three C H subscript 3 groups. The C atom is also bonded to an O atom which is also bonded to a C H subscript 3 group.

(a) ${{{\text{CH}}}_{3}\text{CH}={{\text{CHCH}}}_{3}+{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}\, \longrightarrow \, {{\text{CH}}}_{3}{{\text{CH}}}_{2}{{\text{CH(OH)CH}}}_{3}}$

(b) ${{{\text{CH}}}_{3}{{\text{CH}}}_{2}\text{OH}\, \longrightarrow \, {{\text{CH}}}_{2}={{\text{CH}}}_{2}+{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}}$

A reaction is shown. The first molecule shows a C atom bonded with three H atoms. The first C atom is bonded to another C atom. The second C atom is bonded to an H atom and also forms a double bond with a third C atom. The third C atom is bonded to one H atom and fourth C atom. The fourth C atom is bonded to three H atoms. There is a plus sign. The second molecule shows an O atom with two sets of electron dots bonded to two H atoms. There is an arrow pointing right which is labeled, “acid.” The new molecule is a C atom bonded to three H atoms and a second C atom. The second C atom is bonded to two H atoms and a third C atom. The third C atom is bonded to an H atom and an O atom with two sets of electron dots. The O atom is bonded to an H atom. The third C atom is bonded to a fourth C atom which is bonded to three H atoms.

A reaction is shown. The first molecule shows a C atom which is bonded to three H atoms and a second C atom. The second C atom is bonded to an O atom as well. The O atom has two sets of electron dots and is bonded to an H atom. There is an arrow that points to the right. The next molecule shows two C atoms forming a double bond between them. Each C atom is bonded to two H atoms. There is a plus sign. The next molecule shows an O atom with two sets of electron dots bonded to two H atoms.

20.3 Aldehýð, ketónar, karboxýlsýrur og estrar

(a)

(b)

(c)

A molecular structure is shown with a C H subscript 3 group bonded up and to the right to a C H subscript 2 group which is bonded down and to the left to a C atom. This C atom appears in red. The C atom forms a double bond with an O atom up and to the right. The C atom also forms a single bond with an O H group directly below it.

A molecular structure is shown with a C H subscript 3 group bonded up and to the right to a C H subscript 2 group which is bonded down and to the left to a C group. This C atom appears in red. The C atom forms a double bond with an O atom up and to the right. Directly below the C atom is a single bond to an H atom.

A molecular structure is shown with a C H subscript 3 group which is bonded up and to the right to a C H subscript 2 group. The C H subscript 2 group is bonded down and to the left to an C atom. This C atom appears in red. The C atom forms a double bond with an O atom up and to the right. The C atom also forms a single bond to a C H subscript 3 group which appears directly below it.

Ketón inniheldur hóp sem er tengdur við tvær aðrar kolefnisfrumeindir; því þarf að lágmarki þrjár kolefnisfrumeindir.

Þar sem þær eru báðar karboxýlsýrur innihalda þær báðar –COOH virknihópinn og hans eiginleika. Munurinn er sá að kolefniskeðjan í mettaðri fitusýru inniheldur engin tví- eða þrítengi, en kolefniskeðjan í ómettaðri fitusýru inniheldur eitt eða fleiri fjöltengi.

(a) CH₃CH(OH)CH₃: öll kolefnin eru ferflötungar; (b) ${{{\text{CH}}}_{3}\text{C}\text{O}{{\text{CH}}}_{3}\text{:}}$ endakolefnin eru ferflötungar og miðkolefnið er þríhyrningslaga flatt; (c) CH₃OCH₃: öll eru ferflötungar; (d) CH₃COOH: metýlkolefnið er ferflötungur og sýrukolefnið er þríhyrningslaga flatt; (e) CH₃CH₂CH₂CH(CH₃)CHCH₂: öll eru ferflötungar nema tvö kolefnin lengst til hægri, sem eru þríhyrningslaga flöt

A structure shows in brackets a C atom with H atoms bonded above, below, and to the left, and a C atom bonded to the right. This second C atom has an O atom double bonded above and to the right and a second O atom single bonded below and to the right. Outside the brackets to the right appears a superscript minus sign. This is followed by a double headed arrow. To the right of this arrow in brackets is a C atom with H atoms bonded above, below, and to the left, and a C atom bonded to the right. This second C atom has an O atom single bonded above and to the right and a second O atom double bonded below and to the right. Outside the brackets to the right appears a superscript minus symbol. Double bonded O atoms have two pairs of electron dots and single bonded O atoms have 3 pairs of electron dots.

(a) ${{{\text{CH}}}_{3}{{\text{CH}}}_{2}{{\text{CH}}}_{2}{{\text{CH}}}_{2}{{\text{OH}+\text{CH}}}_{3}\text{C}{(\text{O})}\text{OH}\, \, \longrightarrow \, \, {{\text{CH}}}_{3}\text{C}{(\text{O})}{{\text{OCH}}}_{2}{{\text{CH}}}_{2}{{\text{CH}}}_{2}{{\text{CH}}}_{3}+{{\text{H}}}_{2}\text{O:}}$

(b) ${2{{\text{CH}}}_{3}{{\text{CH}}}_{2}\text{COOH}+{{\text{CaCO}}}_{3}\, \longrightarrow \, {{({{\text{CH}}3{{\text{CH}}}_{2}\text{COO}})}}2\text{Ca}+{{\text{CO}}}_{2}+{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O:}}$

A reaction is shown. The first molecular structure shows a C atom bonded to three H atoms and another C atom. This second C atom is bonded to two H atoms and a third C atom. This third C atom is bonded to two H atoms and a fourth C atom. This C atom is bonded to two H atoms and an O atom. The O atom is bonded to an H atom. The O atom has two pairs of electrons dots. There is a plus sign. The next molecular structure shows a C atom bonded to three H atoms and another C atom. This C atom forms a double bond with an O atom and a single bond with another O atom. The O atom forms a bond with an H atom. Both O atoms have two pairs of electron dots. There is a reaction arrow that points right. The next molecular structure shows a C atom bonded to three H atoms and another C atom. This second C atom forms a double bond with an O atom and a single bond with another O atom. This second O atom is bonded to a C atom which is bonded to two H atoms and another C atom. This C atom is bonded to two H atoms and another C. This C atom is bonded to two H atoms and another C atom. The C atom is bonded to three H atoms. The O atoms have two pairs of electron dots. There is a plus sign. The final molecular structure shows an O atom bonded to two H atoms. The O atom has two pairs of electron dots.

A reaction is shown. There is a 2 in front of the first molecular structure. This first structure shows a C atom bonded to three H atoms and another C atom. This second C atom is bonded to two H atoms and a third C atom. This third C atom forms a double bond with an O atom and a single bond with another O atom. This second O atom forms a single bond with an H atom. Both O atoms have two pairs of electron dots. There is a plus sign and C a superscript 2 plus sign. Beside the C a superscript 2 plus sign is a set of brackets. Inside the brackets is a central C atom bonded to three O atoms. Two O atoms have three pairs of electron dots, and one O atom has two pairs of electron dots. A 2 minus sign appears as a superscript to the brackets. There is an arrow pointing right. There is a 2 and a set of brackets. Inside the brackets is a C atom bonded to three H atoms and another C atom. This C atom is bonded to two H atoms and a third C atom. This C atom is bonded to two O atoms. One O atom has two pairs of electron dots, and one O atom has three pairs of electron dots. Outside the brackets a minus sign appears as a superscript. C a superscript 2+ also appears beside the brackets. There is a plus sign. The next molecular structure shows a C atom that forms two sets of double bonds with two O atoms. Each O atom has two pairs of electron dots. There is a plus sign. The final molecular structure shows an O atom bonded to two H atoms. The O atom has two pairs of electron dots.

This figure shows three molecular structures labeled compound A, compound B, and compound C. In A, a C atom is shown bonded the three H atoms and a second C atom. This C atom is bonded to one H atom. Up and to the right it is bonded to another C atom which is bonded to three H atoms. Down and to the left it is bonded to another C atom which is bonded to two H atoms and an O atom. The O atom is bonded to an H atom. The O atom has two pairs of electron dots. In B, a C atom is bonded to three H atoms and another C atom. This second C atom is bonded to an H atom and an O atom. The O atom has two pairs of electron dots and is bonded to an H atom. The second C atom is bonded to third C atom which is bonded to two H atoms. The third C atom is bonded to a fourth C atom which is bonded to three H atoms. In C, a C atom is bonded to three H atoms and another C atom. This C atom is bonded above to another C atom which is bonded to three H atoms, and below to a C atom which is bonded to three H atoms. It is also bonded to an O atom which is bonded to an H atom. The O atom has two pairs of electron dots.

20.4 Amín og amíð

Trímetýlamín: þríhyrningslaga pýramídi, sp³; trímetýlammoníumjón: tetrahedrísk, sp³

Two structures are shown, one for pyridine, which is trigonal planar and is labeled s p superscript 2. The second is for the pyridium ion, which is also trigonal planar and is labeled s p superscript 2. Both structures include a hexagonal ring composed of 5 C atoms and 1 N atom which is shown at the top of each structure. In both rings, double bonds alternate and single H atoms extend outward from each C atom. The only structural difference between the two structures involves the unshared electron pair on the N atom in pyridine. This is replaced by a bonded H atom in the pyridium ion which is represented in brackets with a superscript plus symbol outside the brackets.

${{{\text{CH}}}_{3}{{\text{NH}}}_{2}+{\text{H}}_{3}{\text{O}}^{+}\, \longrightarrow \, {{\text{CH}}}_{3}{{\text{NH}}}_{3}^{+}+{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}}$

A reaction is shown. The first structure shown on the left shows a C atom with H atoms bonded above, below, and to the left. To the right, an N atom is bonded which has an unshared pair of electrons above it and H atoms bonded to its right and below. This structure is followed by a plus sign. A structure follows in brackets which includes an O atom with H atoms bonded above, to the left, and below. A single unshared electron pair is shown on the O atom. Outside the brackets is a superscript plus sign. This is followed by a plus sign and C l surrounded by 4 pairs of electron dots and a superscript minus sign. Following a reaction arrow is another structure in brackets. This structure shows a C atom with H atoms bonded above, below, and to the left. To the right, an N atom is bonded which has H atoms bonded above, below, and to the right. Outside the brackets is a superscript plus sign. This is followed by C l surrounded by 4 pairs of electron dots and superscript minus. This is followed by another plus sign and an H atom which forms a single bond to an O atom to which a second H atom is bonded above. The O atom has two sets of electron dots.

CH₃CH = CHCH₃(sp²) + Cl $\longrightarrow$ CH₃CH(Cl)H(Cl)CH₃(sp³); 2C₆H₆(sp²) + 15O₂ $\longrightarrow$ 12CO₂(sp) + 6H₂O

Kolefnið í CO₃²⁻, sem er upphaflega í sp²-blendingsástandi, breytir blendingsástandi sínu í sp í CO₂.